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法律英語(yǔ) |
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傅偉良:文體與法律翻譯 |
出處:法律顧問(wèn)網(wǎng)·涉外m.jeanmcdaniel.com
時(shí)間:2012/3/19 15:41:35 |
傅偉良:文體與法律翻譯(5)
2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與翻譯
Skills of Translation
法律英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)以長(zhǎng)句為主,往往出現(xiàn)從句套從句的現(xiàn)象,一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句包含了一連環(huán)的若干個(gè)從句,中間還有插入語(yǔ)。翻譯好這樣的長(zhǎng)句,主要采用“切割法”,即在原文句子中的主從句聯(lián)接處、連詞處、關(guān)系代詞處切斷。翻譯時(shí),首先要重理解原文,要耐心讀懂長(zhǎng)句,分析長(zhǎng)句中各意群的關(guān)系,然后按意群,并按其邏輯關(guān)系,譯成漢語(yǔ)分句,使譯入語(yǔ)層次分明,意思連貫,語(yǔ)言通順,邏輯性強(qiáng)。
例1:
原文:
Now the Condition of the above-written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor’s part to be performed and observed in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer thereby up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alteration in terms of the said Contractor or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed, completed and defects in the Works remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer of the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract of the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.
Notes:
1)這句話由170多個(gè)詞構(gòu)成,中間只有了一逗號(hào),由if, or, but 等連詞把幾層意思連成一個(gè)整體。為了便于分析、闡述,現(xiàn)將原句切分成幾部分,簡(jiǎn)稱各部分為A、B、C、D。
2)句子的A部分:Now the Condition of the above-written Guarantee is such that, 是句子的主要部分,比較簡(jiǎn)單,除above-written及such that為法律英語(yǔ)用詞外,其它部分與普通英語(yǔ)表達(dá)別無(wú)兩樣。在英語(yǔ)里用定冠詞the 已有限定作用,限定Guarantee,但法律語(yǔ)言為了更明確限定Guarantee,又以above-written分詞短語(yǔ)作強(qiáng)調(diào)限定。Such也是進(jìn)一步限定that引起的標(biāo)語(yǔ)從句。在翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)把上述限定的語(yǔ)氣譯出來(lái),可譯成:“上述保證書(shū)”,“規(guī)定如下”。
3)B部分即第一個(gè)if從句:if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor’s part to be performed and observed in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof,句中shall是法律英語(yǔ)用詞,在這里表明主語(yǔ)the Contractor應(yīng)盡責(zé)任。句中又以perform and observe兩個(gè)并列動(dòng)詞,對(duì)主語(yǔ)行為職責(zé)規(guī)定的非常清楚,在翻譯時(shí),也要把其含義譯出來(lái),可譯成:“應(yīng)切實(shí)履行并遵守”。句子的后半部分以of the said Contract來(lái)限制terms provisions conditions and stipulations后,又補(bǔ)以on the Contractor’s part to be performed and observed把責(zé)任限定到合同中規(guī)定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有條款、條件及規(guī)定,繼而又以in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof明確提出承包人履行這些條款、條件及規(guī)定的根據(jù)。這樣就以三個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)和一個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)把前后兩部分嚴(yán)密組織在一起,把承包人對(duì)于合同應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任作為此保證書(shū)有效的一個(gè)條件講得清清楚楚,翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)注意保證對(duì)原文文體的適應(yīng)性原則,譯好上述三個(gè)短語(yǔ)的嚴(yán)密結(jié)構(gòu),不必苛求短句。句中的thereof為法律英語(yǔ)用詞,意為of the Contract。
4)C部分原文是:or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer thereby up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect,這部分以or if引出另一種可能性,如果承包人不執(zhí)行所規(guī)定的條款如何?則保證人應(yīng)負(fù)有賠償業(yè)主損失的責(zé)任。原文在闡述這一層意思時(shí),既簡(jiǎn)明又嚴(yán)密。僅用on default就省去了條件從句,接著對(duì)于賠償金額以u(píng)p to the amount of the above-written Guarantee給予明確規(guī)定,使違約者無(wú)可抵賴,也無(wú)從討價(jià)還價(jià),以保證書(shū)上的數(shù)目為準(zhǔn)。后又接then引出賠償后,保證書(shū)何去何從?以shall be null and void這樣一個(gè)法律用語(yǔ)來(lái)宣告保證書(shū)對(duì)于責(zé)任保證作用已無(wú)效。然后,又以but otherwise假設(shè)出另一種相反的情況,也就是同一問(wèn)題的另一個(gè)方面。此部分語(yǔ)言十分精煉,以otherwise代替了一個(gè)完整的條件從句,主句的主語(yǔ)也省略,以be 和remain來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)保證書(shū)具有的全部效力。翻譯此段時(shí)應(yīng)注意譯文語(yǔ)言的邏輯關(guān)系,以通順的漢語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)原文的含義,達(dá)到“雅”的程度,可譯成:或者如果承包人違約,則保證人應(yīng)賠償業(yè)主因此而蒙受的損失,直至到達(dá)上述保證金額,屆時(shí),本保證書(shū)所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)即告終止,否則保證書(shū)仍保持完全效力。
5) D部分的原文是:but no alteration in terms of the said Contractor or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed, completed and defects in the Works remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer of the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract of the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.
D部分較長(zhǎng),以but引出一個(gè)并列句。句子長(zhǎng)主要是由于對(duì)三個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)的修飾、限制部分較多,如果簡(jiǎn)而言之的話,原句可以縮簡(jiǎn)為:
no alteration and no allowance nor any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor form any liability.
這樣分解,很快看清句子結(jié)構(gòu),弄明白這一部分的主要內(nèi)容,但作為合同文件,必須把主語(yǔ)的三個(gè)部分的事項(xiàng)、范圍、程度規(guī)定得一清二楚。所以三個(gè)主語(yǔ)都分別以若干個(gè)介詞短評(píng)和不定式短語(yǔ)加以限定,且用no的名詞否定形式比用動(dòng)詞的否定式埸具有法律的權(quán)威性,謂語(yǔ)部分又以“in, any, way”加強(qiáng)力度,以u(píng)nder the above-written Guarantee限定職丙范圍。原文中B、C、D三部分把A部分的condition條件作了嚴(yán)密的闡述。監(jiān)于一條款文需要就某個(gè)問(wèn)題講清楚,要排除不必要的情況,限定所需的情況,這就需要有許多起限定作用的介詞短語(yǔ),分詞短語(yǔ)、起起排除或附加作用的插入語(yǔ)、假設(shè)各種情況發(fā)生的從句。
歸納上述分析,句子結(jié)構(gòu)如同房子結(jié)構(gòu),弄不清一座大樓的結(jié)構(gòu),就會(huì)在樓里轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)去出不來(lái),所以掌握法律文件的句子結(jié)構(gòu),要理出句子結(jié)構(gòu)首先要找出主句的主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)部分,先去掉與之相關(guān)的各種限制短語(yǔ)或從句,再找出并列句或主從句之間的連接詞,把并列部分或從屬部分進(jìn)行適當(dāng)切割,再對(duì)每一切割部分進(jìn)行上述過(guò)程的分解,就可縷順各部分之間的關(guān)系。在這樣基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行漢譯,譯入語(yǔ)的質(zhì)量就能保證。
譯文:
茲將履行上述書(shū)面保證書(shū)的條件規(guī)定如下:如果承包人應(yīng)切實(shí)履行并遵守所簽署的上述合同中規(guī)定的承包人一方按合同的真實(shí)旨意、意向和含義所應(yīng)履行和遵守的所有條款、條件及規(guī)定或者,如果承包人違約,則保證人應(yīng)賠償業(yè)主因此而蒙受的損失,直至到達(dá)上述保證金額,屆時(shí),本保證書(shū)所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)即告終止,否則保證書(shū)仍保持完全效力,但所簽合同條款的改變或?qū)こ痰氖┕、完成及根?jù)合同修補(bǔ)其缺陷的性質(zhì)和范圍的任何變更,以及業(yè)主或工程師根據(jù)上述合同給予的時(shí)間寬限,或上述工程師方面對(duì)上述合同有關(guān)事宜所做的任何容忍或?qū)捤,均不能解除保證人所承擔(dān)的上述保證書(shū)規(guī)定的義務(wù)。
例2:
原文:
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
Notes:
1)此句有主句、有分句、又有并列,在各分句中有從句,插入語(yǔ),省略句型等,似乎很難翻,但從總體來(lái)看只是一句并列句,按其邏輯關(guān)系逐一譯出,并不難。
2)原文“The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year;”為該句第一部分。其中“of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year,”為省略部分,分別省略了“The seats of the Senators”和“shall be vacated”,為使法律條文表述清楚,在中譯英時(shí),應(yīng)把原語(yǔ)省略部分譯出,因此應(yīng)譯成:“第二級(jí)參議員應(yīng)在他們第四年任期滿時(shí)將其席位空出,第三級(jí)參議員應(yīng)在他們第六年任期滿時(shí)將其席位空出”。句中的“so that one-third may be chosen every second year;”是由so that引導(dǎo)的表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)譯成:“這樣每隔兩年應(yīng)選舉三分之一的參議員”, may與shall一樣是法律英語(yǔ)用詞,也表示“應(yīng)該”、“可以”,但力度比shall弱。
3)原文“and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.” 為該句第二部分,是一句主從句,有if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,主句中還有一句由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,按照長(zhǎng)句“切割法”的翻譯方法,把主從句分成三個(gè)分句譯出,可譯成:“如果因辭職或其它原因發(fā)生參議員席位空缺,又時(shí)處州立法機(jī)構(gòu)休會(huì)期間,州立法機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)行官可臨時(shí)指任席位,其任期至州立法機(jī)構(gòu)召開(kāi)下一次會(huì)議,屆時(shí)州立法機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)正式彌補(bǔ)上述空缺。”!皌he Executive thereof”意為“the Executive of the Legislature”之意。Otherwise是apart from that 之意,因此譯成:“又…..”.
譯文:
第一級(jí)參議員應(yīng)在他們第二年任期滿時(shí)將其席位空出,第二級(jí)參議員應(yīng)在他們第四年任期滿時(shí)將其席位空出,第三級(jí)參議員應(yīng)在他們第六年任期滿時(shí)將其席位空出,這樣每隔兩年應(yīng)選舉三分之一的參議員。如果因辭職或其它原因發(fā)生參議員席位空缺,又時(shí)處州立法機(jī)構(gòu)休會(huì)期間,州立法機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)行官可臨時(shí)指任席位,其任期至州立法機(jī)構(gòu)召開(kāi)下一次會(huì)議,屆時(shí)州立法機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)正式彌補(bǔ)上述空缺。
例3:
原文:
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.
Notes:
1)此句從總體來(lái)看是一句并列句,在各分句中有主從句及從句中的并列句。按照長(zhǎng)句“切割法”的翻譯方法,按各分句從句的邏輯關(guān)系逐一譯出,并不難譯。
2)原句In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President,為本句的第一部分。句中“in case of ”與“in case that”為法律英語(yǔ)常用的詞組,意為“如果”, “in case of ”用于短語(yǔ),“in case that”用從句。例如:“In case that the Supplier fails to deal with such claim or conduct such proceedings, the Owner may do so at the cost and risk of the Supplier in accordance with the above-mentioned terms and provisions of indemnify.”(如供應(yīng)人不能處理索賠或訴訟,業(yè)主可以自行處理,根據(jù)上述賠償?shù)囊?guī)定應(yīng)由供應(yīng)人承擔(dān)費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。)。句中the same在法律英語(yǔ)中常常用作代詞,是指上面提及的事,避免重復(fù),這里是指:the powers and duties of the said office,在英譯中時(shí),為使法律條文所表達(dá)的意思明確無(wú)誤,應(yīng)把the same所代的含義譯出,即:“總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力與職責(zé)”。 句中devolve on是動(dòng)詞,意為(of work, duties)be transferred or passed to sb ,為譯入文行文的需要,在英譯中時(shí),可以進(jìn)行詞義轉(zhuǎn)換,把原語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成譯入語(yǔ)的名詞。此句可譯成:“如果總統(tǒng)免職、死亡、辭職或無(wú)能履行總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力與職責(zé),應(yīng)由副總統(tǒng)代理行使總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力與職責(zé)!。
3)原句中and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.為句子的第二部分。該部包含兩層意思,第一層:the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President,句中provide for為關(guān)鍵詞,意為establish the legal basis or authority for sth to be done later,即“作出具體規(guī)定,提供法律依據(jù)”之意。這一層中還有一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ),并列來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)the Congress。
第二層:and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.為復(fù)合句。句中the disability一詞在英譯中時(shí),應(yīng)將其深層含義譯出,該詞是指“上述提及的免職、死亡、辭職或無(wú)能履行情況”。句中a President一詞,根據(jù)上下文,應(yīng)譯成“新總統(tǒng)”。因此,句子的第二部分可譯成:“國(guó)會(huì)可依法對(duì)總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的免職、死亡、辭職或無(wú)法履行的情況作出具體規(guī)定(提供法律依據(jù)),并宣布屆時(shí)由哪個(gè)官員來(lái)代理行使總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力與職責(zé),在上述無(wú)能履行情況結(jié)束前或新總統(tǒng)選舉產(chǎn)生前,該官員應(yīng)相應(yīng)地代理行使權(quán)力與職責(zé)!
譯文:
如果總統(tǒng)免職、死亡、辭職或無(wú)能履行總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力與職責(zé),應(yīng)由副總統(tǒng)代理行使總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力與職責(zé)。國(guó)會(huì)可依法對(duì)總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的免職、死亡、辭職或無(wú)法履行的情況作出具體規(guī)定(提供法律依據(jù)),并宣布屆時(shí)由哪個(gè)官員來(lái)代理行使總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力與職責(zé),在上述無(wú)能履行情況結(jié)束前或新總統(tǒng)選舉產(chǎn)生前,該官員應(yīng)相應(yīng)地代理行使權(quán)力與職責(zé)。 |
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