歡迎收聽澳洲廣播電臺(tái)中文部制作的金融世界節(jié)目，我是馬健媛。
我是劉江。
經(jīng)濟(jì)是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生活的重要組成部分，每天的新聞報(bào)道中都充滿了有關(guān)預(yù)算赤字、股票風(fēng)波、經(jīng)濟(jì)上揚(yáng)或衰退的消息。但是，貨幣、市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)到底是什么？全球或地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)究竟是如何運(yùn)作的？政府的政策又會(huì)如何影響到一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況呢？
請(qǐng)收聽金融世界！
現(xiàn)代人的衣食住行都離不開錢，也就是貨幣。
一個(gè)澳大利亞人要買些蘋果和香蕉，售貨員告訴他要付多少錢。
那么貨幣是怎樣發(fā)展到今天的形態(tài)并且?guī)缀踔髟琢宋覀內(nèi)康纳钅�？澳大利亞一位著名的�?cái)經(jīng)記者卡魯特別為我們介紹了貨幣的歷史。
卡魯在她的介紹中說到這樣幾個(gè)詞匯：
1 Precious metal 貴重金屬
2 Sweating the money 從貨幣里提取貴重金屬成分
3 Holey dollar 有洞的錢幣，這是十九世紀(jì)在澳大利亞新南威爾士州流通的貨幣，因?yàn)槿狈饘俨牧隙鴮㈠X幣穿洞
4 Token 輔幣，具有象征性的貨幣，代表的價(jià)值高于本身的價(jià)值
5 Plastic note 塑料鈔票
6 Plastic card （塑料）信用卡，也叫 credit card
下面我們逐段聽一遍卡魯?shù)倪@段談話：
Money's got a very colourful history, because a number of things have been used in the place of what we use as money. Feathers, shells, cloth ...salt in Roman times when the Roman soldiers were paid in salt and that's how we get the word salary, from the Latin sal for salt.
歷史上的貨幣五花八門。古時(shí)候，羽毛、貝殼、布料甚至鹽都曾是交換工具。古羅馬士兵得到的軍餉就是鹽。鹽這個(gè)詞也是英文“工資”這個(gè)詞的起源。拉丁文Sal的意思是鹽，英文中工資Salary就是從它演變而來的。
And a number of tribes used cattle, which were useful because they were transportable. But they were quite bulky and you weren't always sure of the size of cattle you were going to get, so there was a problem there of quality.
還有一些部落以牲畜作為交換媒介。這很有用，因?yàn)樯罂梢赃\(yùn)來運(yùn)去。但是它們體積龐大，而且無法確切知道你將要得到的牲畜的大小，因此存在質(zhì)量方面的問題。
In the ninth century in China we had paper money for the first time. It wasn't quite the paper money that we know, it was more like a piece of paper saying a promise to pay.
九世紀(jì)時(shí)在中國首次出現(xiàn)了紙幣。這種紙幣與我們現(xiàn)在使用的不同，更象是一種欠條。
And then in the seventh century we had money in the form of precious metal. There was always a problem of making sure that the coin that you got had enough precious metal in it to give it a value. When things got tough, you often found some civilisations were quite good at what they called sweating the money, which was effectively taking out the precious metal content so that what you got actually wasn't what you thought you got.
另外在七世紀(jì)時(shí)出現(xiàn)了貴重金屬貨幣。但如何確切知道貨幣中有足夠的貴重金屬含量以使它具有相應(yīng)的價(jià)值則一直是個(gè)問題。當(dāng)時(shí)局艱難時(shí)，一些文明古國會(huì)從這種貨幣中提取貴重金屬成份，使得貨幣已不再擁有你原來以為它擁有的價(jià)值。
And we have a form of that here in Australia when we had the holey dollar ... when we had a coin with a hole in the middle because there was a shortage of metal.
澳大利亞就曾有過一種這類的貨幣，一種中間有個(gè)洞的貨幣。這是由于當(dāng)時(shí)缺乏鑄幣金屬的緣故。
And in those days, Spanish coins were used a lot. Sometimes stores used certain tokens because there was a shortage of actual coinage. And then there is money as we know it today in notes and coins - plastic notes.
那時(shí)候西班牙硬幣廣為流通。有時(shí)商店里因?yàn)闆]有足夠的硬幣而使用一些代用幣。后來就有了我們現(xiàn)在使用的紙鈔、硬幣，還有塑料鈔票。
And of course, if we were doing this program in a hundred years time we might talk about quaint little things called money, notes and coins, because all we'd be using would be plastic card.
當(dāng)然，如果我們?cè)谝话倌曛笤賮碇谱鬟@一節(jié)目，我們可能就會(huì)談?wù)撘恍┢嫣赜腥さ慕凶鲥X、紙幣或是硬幣的小東西，因?yàn)榈侥菚r(shí)我們大概只使用塑料卡了。
下面再請(qǐng)您完整收聽一遍澳大利亞財(cái)經(jīng)記者卡魯關(guān)于貨幣歷史的介紹。（略）
接下來澳大利亞墨爾本大學(xué)商學(xué)院的哈珀教授解釋了貨幣的三個(gè)基本功能：
We look at the functions of money. Firstly it's a medium of exchange, so it's some commodity which facilitates the exchange of goods and services.
It is also a unit of account, which means that we use money to reckon prices and reckon values for comparisons between goods and services or over time.
And thirdly, money is a store of value. It is an asset. It's something that we can use to store value away to be retrieved at a later point in time. So we can not consume today, we can hold money instead - and transfer that consumption power to some point in the future.
哈珀教授授說，貨幣的三個(gè)功能是：
1 Medium of exchange 交換媒介
2 Unit of account 計(jì)算單位
3 Store of value 價(jià)值儲(chǔ)存手段
下面是哈珀教授講話的中文翻譯：
首先貨幣是一種交換媒介，是幫助其他貨物與服務(wù)進(jìn)行交換的手段。其次它是一種計(jì)算單位，就是說我們用錢來測(cè)量貨物、服務(wù)或時(shí)間之間的價(jià)格和價(jià)值的比較。第三它是價(jià)值存儲(chǔ)手段，是一種資產(chǎn)。我們可以用它把價(jià)值儲(chǔ)存起來，在以后的某個(gè)時(shí)刻再取回。這樣我們不必現(xiàn)在就把它用掉，而是可以存著錢，把這種消費(fèi)能力轉(zhuǎn)移到將來的某個(gè)時(shí)刻。
下面請(qǐng)?jiān)俾犚槐槟珷柋敬髮W(xué)商學(xué)院哈珀教授介紹的貨幣的三個(gè)功能。（略）
最后我們復(fù)習(xí)一遍這一講中出現(xiàn)的一些英文詞匯：
1 Precious metal 貴重金屬
2 Sweating the money 從錢幣里提取貴重金屬成分
3 Token 輔幣，具有象征性的貨幣，代表的價(jià)值高于本身的價(jià)值
4 Plastic note 塑料鈔票
5 Plastic card 信用卡，也叫 credit card
6 Medium of exchange 交換媒介
7 Unit of account 計(jì)算單位
8 Store of value 價(jià)值儲(chǔ)存手段
在這一講中我們?yōu)槟?jiǎn)單介紹了貨幣的歷史和功能。在下一講中我們要請(qǐng)專家談?wù)勜泿诺奶匦院兔x貨幣，歡迎您收聽。
